<html><head><meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"></head><body dir="auto"><div>H Olivier, I know that Ian Pratt-Hartman has worked on related fragments of first order logic and their correspondence in English, and that Robert Stevens has some work on translating Owl into English.<br><br>Cheers, Uli</div><div><br>On 13 Aug 2013, at 12:45, Olivier Austina <<a href="mailto:olivier.austina@gmail.com">olivier.austina@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<br><br></div><blockquote type="cite"><div><div dir="ltr"><div id="yui_3_7_2_1_1376394018917_2079"><div id="yui_3_7_2_1_1376394018917_2078"><div id="yui_3_7_2_1_1376394018917_2077"><div id="yui_3_7_2_1_1376394018917_2076">Hi, <br></div>My
 question is about mapping a word or an utterance (in natural language) 
to ontology for Natural Language Interface to DataBase (NLIDB). The 
database can be an RDF graph or traditional database.<br>
</div>The problem is that the lexicon derived from the ontology is very 
limited to cover how the natural language can express the concepts of 
the ontology. It is possible to enriched labels of the ontology with 
synonymy or hypernymy/hyponymy but it is still insufficient to cover the
 way natural language can refer to ontology concepts.<br>
<br></div>The first motivation is not reasoning but be able to map 
natural language to ontology. I think Description Logic is suitable for 
this task by providing  a way a word or an  utterance can be describe 
according a given ontology but I don't know how far it is possible to go
 with DL (strength and limitation of DL for this kind of task).<br>
<br></div>This an example taken from the DL handbook 2003 (p. 93) :<br><br><img id="yui_3_7_2_1_1376394018917_2159" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAnoAAABACAIAAAACtk25AAAME0lEQVR4nO2dy5WlIBCGScs4TMIYTMEIjMAEDMAA3LN279a1s6jTdWheFl5p4c7/rWZuqyBQ9fMoUJ0AAAAAyIx6OwMAAADA9wO5BQAAALIDuQUAAACyA7kFAAAAsgO5BQAAALIDuQUAAACyA7kFAAAAsgO5BQAAALIDuQUAAACyA7kFAAAAsgO5BQAAALIDuQUAAACyA7kFAAAAsgO5BQAAALIDuQUAAACyA7kFAAAAsgO5TUNrrZRSqpRyW5ZlGIa2bdUPfd+P47gsy3Ec5pWP5Dz1ITcS5RcZhkF4S9/3fJc8oVDSWutPHvJ9aK23bYv8tSiL0FqP49h1HTeJruuGYZjned9368oqLKKXEamj0vhvDa0UI/ljyCZJpdq2HcfRMsXIjYU4F621qbIu0zRZ1yflfJ5n1yr+Um6VUpJK2ffdvEWeUCjp/9ALEMdxNE3jNqS2bSN3lWMR+76bHS+XruvM62u0iAgVtdvqMvwU7xtJBBqoCYVQzjRNbmNtmmZZlst7C3Euy7Jwtq1uu9Z6mib63bylLudCft/qMUTyyTohTyiU9Dd5gX3fx3Hs+15yMde4hdWQLAqxiG3buA1M02QO9bZtm+e5bVtrvqQuixBWYhV8n6EJKVpu53kmExqG4ampErKZcRy11lprskP2LJfSXoJzWdeV8tB1nTVjzBzH8eHU2bIs7iTVnzmXYRjU1biKoOobxxFya7JtG5XhpV4yTdOM4zg7hNoYUYJF7PtOjqJpmoijsP5Ul0VAbr+AouX2PM/jOEzR/bCGaLrMHcWysx7HMf6E150Le5aI1nqpZaWKFYJ0dF3Xy+d3XccjD3lCoaRr9wJaaxJamuEQNpJlWSSdG29yr8strdTGtdalLouA3H4Bpcstw/637/vb9US9dfd3XrW69DivOxfuGaQWQl3OhWrqsgNEpcEXlya3wiAX5sPk1nWlxcskoSXatpUspri8bhG8sCIcxDN1WQTk9guoRm6JZVmoJ9t1XXzc46Xv+5APEs5GvutcOCxIHrXL1OVcaEGa/h2ZMKcL9n0vU25VIrcTWteV7OKeapJi0eqmG8Eb53W5pV540zSpN9ZlEZDbL6AyuSVuO5fIXBNH3MSf8K5zYVG50dWoy7nQSIVqOVTFJBLU8yhWboVekkalN5KgSWB1twNqpm4in0N61yK2baPUJVF1FnVZBOT2C6hSbgmttTl19uHTyF9fjhpNa9m2jcfEbduGpqnneTbdWWQFmlfd2MCsKUF+TtI84b2ce/1CxFmYsTm8t+pDuaVKCTkaU4wjcmttTab39RZgxAus62q+nXCqNp/cmjENnyyvnD/7Z7ybyiRm9a5FPNUBLd8iUuWWypmH/t5oUwr+op6KWdRmCZjPUeGo1aRqDRmaJM9VU7HcEtymb6xXmVBDuRwrs7XwipGJ1cU2NydYuAl5H6h+L17yOObGCybl/Ex0LqHMswHL80nXk7Wb08XWZTTV3DQN1XhIbkNbk72BZvQn1wuwI758gvvAx+X2OA7a6KUejdinJy/LYr3speK+axGc2086oFVYRJLcHsdhHvRBuKFk3J0NlUDoOZY9JlXrGTA0YZ6rpnq5JWh/obo70iW3LonMZOtShifa950bitkQKQLL3AV4HEco1onaq5l56nGbv9wwvHs5P1OcC0/oUdQ3OT7qqHKK8nxaOST35NYpbZ5mzxuS267rxnFc15XdsdaaB4XepK16oYTMgPZ93ylXl3Mh8soSyi2/5jiO+dyQ2SrchmHxrkXwcOrGa9ZlEXHM61m3+r7nV6Ck27Z15wascjZLoOu6ruushygngDGpWk+focnzXDVfIrensYh1Q42oXiXzUWxdVipsYFZvzttQqGGZzlo4xeRNWkhqzuXOhWcXXAG4saRquT/aZOz2hKiu2WJDCXnLnzcuWxl2vQAVjvfV6K3jmievLKHc0mW3o4iTEO6Oe9ciHpHbKiwijpuEOwdGv5udlZB8cgkop88R2hAvrFbzjUxDk+e5aqqX288XsahrdrnjlmDrcrXZ0okIblgWt++4+35kMlmYc6Fz4fle+XJXHPdpVLlmybganOrFvHl2vQBvNHKfQFUWr26VYTL52ZCFCLw7Lt7e3rWIRyaTq7AIeSfb6omaNE1jPoetxi1k+t1VyiRDC8WfuoYmz3PVVCy3Ty1iDcMgPzKCrcWdYUt1LlaTZR86TZM5+ele86FzEeZc6Fwijw09JI6bGWve+PSpYCa55f6Nd5us1x9ZD8wUKvVUyEIcPu40cs27FvFIqFQVFiFsSLx9zttim6YxxS9iNaG6uyG37sWWoSXluWqqlNt939kRfHioMm3klXuriLXEnYvWmk/F4/gd84Jt26y4nt75ykemjUCfOJe4+T0itzyjS//lUZdZ75deYN/3dV2p/HlIdCm36oq4E7y8gLm3EYhDFtRPYEvqE+JIqu9di8i0EahAixA2JHNBOoQkq6G6uzS0y2o9HUNLynPVVPYaZrz+5/6FAuqe2tTvbaDkEENhe9YT3GB69VtZMx1z4c15OXJ7/owyaS2Noigt7xNZu51/H4ttIpTb2xMnbj5D3N53e/5M81BWn/2kB1Xf7S8C/YFFnHmOuSjQIpLkVlgaD8ptUrVahpaU56qpRm617CTYZVmE/VzqO6d60iQT5fB62i+otY7vWjExj/Iwf89xiOMnzoXDjvJNJp+/d0VTM7DCWLxFyvsTaB+hNr7b6k3FLVhy9LePj5B7SaHcTtMUCpKyThd/JG6Zqi/et3vdInIc4ligRcjXL+l6yVDkKblNrVbX0OR5rpoK5JZjQ0Lbz0/H11w+M661kfGB3ER5JOr6R+H6B8dcmPnM8YmCT5xL5DVPw/XI8+nNDKdibbdlvEVK3tkbBOdNxfUCc/ScDcm7PCu3kh7n/MTp4gQNmiVfiXjRIs4Mnygo0CLkjTC0d87lEbm9Ua2uocnzXDVFy63W+vKwxhsBU3Gtpd5ZJEvCBspXum7RG4HiXhZyLtyXjCuuxFl4cx653vsjh7S4mQlt6qcTFbxVELJz3uqqfArqNWz6xVWLUOyo6wV4ndjb/I7jiOuZ3EvKJ5OFQVLm4Y73RJfe/TL/JVgET2PEFXddV+vL0BVZhFxueW7W+zS3NykvAe8tqdV6+gxNnuczWlaFU7Tctm0bOQnWjBORL1kdx9G27TRN2geNDCK3J5ko/TIMA+cttNWd/IV3n7g3P5HPy9N5/eRqb+c8dL33Rw5XaduWK4vPgvAmyqtxrhKE7Nw8+Ma9KxLaajUhnpN0U/E+3Jyr5HKmQr7ciiP3kqlrt1aQVKjx08tGmjT3J1wLGsdRMoNSiEVEPi9P3plK2HXxtVhE0hQLd8g4dS4E70YgYQmEbpFXq3m99abCPJ/RsiqcouU2BAdMkUHK51S954RZxB1okomaDc7E3Ztv7iu3CPU2tNahCCDCGgLmcy5n4Mg6mvz3Xs+e0S3tSC1EPpLoTSgU8di2LRWdRG5Db6d+uwYvKnOolDm1cy9IimcC1U/XTWtNH/IbhkFiWeVYBB3+HLpL/T6xKDXnoev/zCKS5NY81MnCWx3CEgjdIq9W8+HumFWS5zNaVoVTmdwKA6ZCXGqtulquTzVRXlGmxkf97m3b3C4bDZjMHErmxq3z95VSXdd5hztZnctpLLGrn++9H8fhfVPKNk1Uhg4u9hrStm1muJNJyHGs62p+nGAYBpoWnqap73tritjrBQgr8JJf0L3SeuDfRCZ/EiSlf38GgOd+5LcXZRFaaxqXm280jqP7RnVZxI0AAh7TcyGENha694bMMHSLvFrPqKFd5vmMllXhVCO3koApAP5nHgySAgA8TgVyy4ttn3zRE4D/BNgLAGVStNzyTGDf93AcAMih9Vf1O1oHAPAiRctt13WRbxQDAOLQuqzky5IAgNwULbcAAADAdwC5BQAAALIDuQUAAACyA7kFAAAAsgO5BQAAALIDuQUAAACyA7kFAAAAsgO5BQAAALIDuQUAAACyA7kFAAAAsgO5BQAAALIDuQUAAACyA7kFAAAAsgO5BQAAALIDuQUAAACyA7kFAAAAsgO5BQAAALIDuQUAAACyA7kFAAAAsgO5BQAAALIDuQUAAACy8w+WdNjpNqW1gwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" alt=""><br>

                                <div id="yui_3_7_2_1_1376394018917_2158">for a person having at least 2 sons and at most 5 daughters.<br></div><div id="yui_3_7_2_1_1376394018917_2147"><br>Somtimes,
 it is possible to have an expression or function instead of integer 
like 2 or 5 in this example to quantify roles or concepts. For example :
 A person with more than a third of her children are males. The 
expression or th function can be provided by a formal query language 
such as SQL or SPARQL or a user defined functions.<br>
</div><div id="yui_3_7_2_1_1376394018917_2305">My questions are the following:<br><br></div><div id="yui_3_7_2_1_1376394018917_2306">Can DL support an arbitrary expression, function?<br></div><div id="yui_3_7_2_1_1376394018917_2307">
What
 can be expressed using DL and cannot be expressed (the motivation s not
 reasoning but mapping natural language to ontology concept).<br>
</div><div id="yui_3_7_2_1_1376394018917_2308"><br></div><div>Any suggestion is welcome. Thanks.</div><br><div><div dir="ltr">Regards<br>Olivier<br><br></div></div>
</div>
</div></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><div><span>---</span><br><span>**  You received this mail via the description logic mailing list; for more  **</span><br><span>**  information, visit the description logic homepage at <a href="http://dl.kr.org/">http://dl.kr.org/</a>.  **</span><br></div></blockquote></body></html>